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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mischphase</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Unter einer <b>Mischphase</b> versteht man in der <a href="Thermodynamik" title="Thermodynamik">Thermodynamik</a> eine <a href="Homogenit%C3%A4t" title="Homogenität">homogene</a> <a href="Phase_(Materie)" title="Phase (Materie)">Phase</a>, welche aus zwei oder mehr <a href="Stoff_(Chemie)" title="Stoff (Chemie)">Stoffen</a> besteht.<sup id="cite_ref-Ernst_Brunhuber,_Stephan_Hasse_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ernst_Brunhuber,_Stephan_Hasse-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die <a href="Atom" title="Atom">Atome</a> und/oder <a href="Molek%C3%BCl" title="Molekül">Moleküle</a>, aus denen die einzelnen Komponenten bestehen, sind dabei bis auf die Ebene einzelner Teilchen durchmischt. Dies bedeutet, dass Teilchen einer bestimmten Art in Mischphasen keine größeren <a href="Cluster_(Physik)" title="Cluster (Physik)">Cluster</a> ausbilden. Die Anteile der einzelnen <a href="Gemisch" title="Gemisch">Komponenten</a> einer Mischphase können mit Hilfe des <a href="Stoffmengenanteil" title="Stoffmengenanteil">Stoffmengenanteils</a>&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> als <a href="Partielle_molare_Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe" title="Partielle molare Größe">partielle Größen</a> angegeben werden.<sup id="cite_ref-H._D._Baehr,_Stephan_Kabelac_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H._D._Baehr,_Stephan_Kabelac-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mischphasen können in allen <a href="Aggregatzustand" title="Aggregatzustand">Aggregatzuständen</a> vorliegen. <a href="Gas" title="Gas">Gas</a>förmige Mischphasen werden meist als Gasmischung, <a href="Fl%C3%BCssigkeit" title="Flüssigkeit">flüssige</a> Mischphasen als <a href="L%C3%B6sung_(Chemie)" title="Lösung (Chemie)">Lösungen</a> und feste Mischphasen als feste Lösungen oder <a href="Mischkristall" title="Mischkristall">Mischkristalle</a> bezeichnet.<sup id="cite_ref-Uwe_Hillebrand_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uwe_Hillebrand-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mischphasen sind von heterogenen <a href="Gemisch" title="Gemisch">Gemischen</a> wie <a href="Dispersion_(Chemie)" title="Dispersion (Chemie)">Dispersionen</a> zu unterscheiden, die räumliche Bereiche unterschiedlicher stofflicher Zusammensetzung enthalten.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Darstellung_in_Phasendiagrammen">Darstellung in Phasendiagrammen</h2></div>
<p>Häufig existieren im <a href="Zustandsraum_(Thermodynamik)" title="Zustandsraum (Thermodynamik)">Zustandsraum</a> einer betrachteten Mischung neben <a href="Druck_(Physik)" title="Druck (Physik)">Druck</a>-<a href="Temperatur" title="Temperatur">Temperatur</a>-<a href="Volumen" title="Volumen">Volumen</a>-<a href="Zustand_(Thermodynamik)" title="Zustand (Thermodynamik)">Zuständen</a>, in denen die Mischung als homogene Mischphase vorliegt, Druck-Temperatur-Volumen-Zustände, die eine <a href="Mischungsl%C3%BCcke" title="Mischungslücke">Mischungslücke</a> konstituieren. Wird die Mischung von einem Zustand, in dem eine homogene Mischphase stabil ist, durch Änderung von zumindest einer der vorgenannten <a href="Zustandsgr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe" title="Zustandsgröße">Zustandsgrößen</a> in einen Zustand innerhalb einer Mischungslücke überführt, kommt es zu <a href="Entmischung_(Thermodynamik)" title="Entmischung (Thermodynamik)">Entmischung</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Klaus_Lucas_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klaus_Lucas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diese führt zur Ausbildung koexistierender Phasen, die die Komponenten der Mischung in jeweils unterschiedlichen Anteilen enthalten und kann vor allem bei <a href="Mineral" title="Mineral">Mineralen</a> auch einen <a href="Metastabilit%C3%A4t" title="Metastabilität">metastabilen</a> Zustand zur Folge haben.<sup id="cite_ref-Peter_R._Sahm,_Ivan_Egry,_Thomas_Volkmann_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter_R._Sahm,_Ivan_Egry,_Thomas_Volkmann-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Erhard_Hornbogen,_Gunther_Eggeler,_Ewald_Werner_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erhard_Hornbogen,_Gunther_Eggeler,_Ewald_Werner-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zustände, in denen die Mischung als homogene Mischphase vorliegt, werden durch <a href="Binodale" title="Binodale">Binodalen</a> von den Zuständen innerhalb der Mischungslücke getrennt.
</p><p>Bei bestimmten Kombinationen des Druckes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}" loading="lazy"></span> und der Temperatur <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span> ist das Volumen der Mischung durch die <a href="Zustandsgleichung" title="Zustandsgleichung">Zustandsgleichung</a> des betrachteten Systems ebenso festgelegt. Daher lässt sich das Phasenverhalten von Mischungen in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}" loading="lazy"></span>-<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span>-<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span>-<a href="Phasendiagramm" title="Phasendiagramm">Phasendiagrammen</a> darstellen. Bei binären Mischungen aus zwei Komponenten wird die Zusammensetzung der Mischung durch den Stoffmengenanteil einer der Komponenten vollständig beschrieben, so dass das Phasenverhalten der Mischung mittels eines dreidimensionalen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}">
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<mi>p</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}" loading="lazy"></span>-<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span>-<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span>-Phasendiagrammes dargestellt werden kann. Im Falle <a href="Tern%C3%A4res_Gemisch" title="Ternäres Gemisch">ternärer Mischungen</a> wird die Zusammensetzung der Mischung durch die Stoffmengenanteile zweier Komponenten vollständig beschrieben, so dass ein vierdimensionaler Zustandsraum resultiert. Das Phasenverhalten ternärer Systeme bei bestimmten Druck-Volumen-Kombinationen wird häufig mit Hilfe von <a href="Dreiecksdiagramm" title="Dreiecksdiagramm">Dreiecksdiagrammen</a> dargestellt.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenzzustände_in_der_Mischphasenthermodynamik"><span id="Referenzzust.C3.A4nde_in_der_Mischphasenthermodynamik"></span>Referenzzustände in der Mischphasenthermodynamik</h2></div>
<p>Das <a href="Chemisches_Potential" title="Chemisches Potential">chemische Potential</a> wird, ähnlich wie die thermodynamischen Bildungsgrößen und die <a href="Potentielle_Energie" title="Potentielle Energie">potentielle Energie</a>, auf einer <a href="Intervallskala" title="Intervallskala">Intervallskala</a> abgebildet – also auf einer Skala, in der die Abstände zwischen Messwerten bestimmbar sind, aber kein natürlicher <a href="Nullpunkt" title="Nullpunkt">Nullpunkt</a> existiert. Die Skalierung des chemischen Potentials <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}(a_{i})}">
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<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{i}(a_{i})}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f0aa95c01696f6ae36792a0a718c07eae0fd2941.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.04ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}(a_{i})}" loading="lazy"></span> einer Komponente <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span> eines Gemisches erfolgt für die <a href="Aktivit%C3%A4t_(Chemie)" title="Aktivität (Chemie)">Aktivität</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{i}}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0bc77764b2e74e64a63341054fa90f3e07db275f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.029ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> der Komponente <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
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<mi>i</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span> als <a href="Variable_(Mathematik)" title="Variable (Mathematik)">Variable</a>. Als Bezugspunkt fungiert das chemische Potential <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}^{\circ }}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{i}^{\circ }}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/32546169bc3b9067092e79b6135a01e94fabf7ce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.456ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> der Komponente <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span> in einem mischphasenthermodynamischen <a href="Referenzzustand" title="Referenzzustand">Referenzzustand</a> (°). Das chemische Referenzpotential <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{i}^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/32546169bc3b9067092e79b6135a01e94fabf7ce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.456ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> wird dabei so gewählt, dass es nur vom Druck <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}" loading="lazy"></span> und der Temperatur <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span>, nicht aber vom <a href="Stoffmengenanteil" title="Stoffmengenanteil">Stoffmengenanteil</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e87000dd6142b81d041896a30fe58f0c3acb2158.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.129ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> oder der Aktivität <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0bc77764b2e74e64a63341054fa90f3e07db275f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.029ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> der Komponente <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span> abhängt. Das chemische Potential <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}(a_{i})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{i}(a_{i})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f0aa95c01696f6ae36792a0a718c07eae0fd2941.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.04ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}(a_{i})}" loading="lazy"></span> einer Komponente <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span> in einer Mischung setzt sich folglich aus dem von der Aktivität <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0bc77764b2e74e64a63341054fa90f3e07db275f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.029ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> unabhängigen Anteil <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{i}^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/32546169bc3b9067092e79b6135a01e94fabf7ce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.456ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> und dem aktivitätsabhängigen Anteil <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R\cdot T\cdot \ln a_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R\cdot T\cdot \ln a_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1c2bf2c26e6db19db0915b5a4c66e15b2503616f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.114ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R\cdot T\cdot \ln a_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> zusammen:<sup id="cite_ref-:Denbigh1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Denbigh1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}=\mu _{i}^{\circ }+R\cdot T\cdot \ln a_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>R</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{i}=\mu _{i}^{\circ }+R\cdot T\cdot \ln a_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ff8529219d3e9142960705ff1ce0f25e18e4e54b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:21.711ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}=\mu _{i}^{\circ }+R\cdot T\cdot \ln a_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dieser Zusammenhang liegt unter anderem der Herleitung des <a href="Massenwirkungsgesetz#Herleitung" title="Massenwirkungsgesetz">Massenwirkungsgesetzes</a> zugrunde. Mischphasenthermodynamische Referenzzustände und damit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{i}^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/32546169bc3b9067092e79b6135a01e94fabf7ce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.456ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> können für frei wählbare Drücke und Temperaturen definiert werden. Daher sind mischphasenthermodynamische Referenzzustände nicht identisch und nicht zu verwechseln mit <a href="Standardbedingungen" title="Standardbedingungen">Standardbedingungen</a>, die sich durch festgelegte Standard-Werte für Druck und Temperatur auszeichnen und die zur Tabellierung physikalisch-chemischer Größen dienen.<sup id="cite_ref-Wedler2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wedler2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die <a href="International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> definiert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{i}^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/32546169bc3b9067092e79b6135a01e94fabf7ce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.456ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> dabei separat für gasförmige Mischungen, Mischungen im <a href="Kondensierte_Materie" title="Kondensierte Materie">kondensierten Zustand</a> und Lösungen.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mischungen">Mischungen</h3></div>
<p>Liegt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span> als <a href="Reinstoff" title="Reinstoff">Reinstoff</a> vor (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{i}=x_{i}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{i}=x_{i}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7b17f468feb77d9bd60231e2d38ae8aee1cd2754.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.518ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{i}=x_{i}=1}" loading="lazy"></span>), muss <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{i}^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/32546169bc3b9067092e79b6135a01e94fabf7ce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.456ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> gleich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dea0a0293841cce9eef98b55e53a92b82ae59ee4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.201ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> werden. Dies lässt sich wie folgt formulieren:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lim _{x_{i}\rightarrow 1}\mu _{i}=\mu _{i}^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lim _{x_{i}\rightarrow 1}\mu _{i}=\mu _{i}^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1b1e5bb4b74c8fea6025832e17643e82c8874cb6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:12.173ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lim _{x_{i}\rightarrow 1}\mu _{i}=\mu _{i}^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Sofern <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span> als <a href="Reinstoff" title="Reinstoff">Reinstoff</a> beim in der Mischphase herrschenden Druck und bei der in der Mischphase herrschenden Temperatur im selben <a href="Aggregatzustand" title="Aggregatzustand">Aggregatzustand</a> wie die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span> enthaltende Mischphase vorliegt, ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{i}^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/32546169bc3b9067092e79b6135a01e94fabf7ce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.456ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> das chemische Potential des Reinstoffes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:Denbigh1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Denbigh1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lösungen"><span id="L.C3.B6sungen"></span>Lösungen</h3></div>
<p>Häufig liegt ein Stoff <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span> bei gegebenem Druck und gegebener Temperatur als Reinstoff in einem anderen Aggregatzustand vor als in einer Mischphase. Dies ist häufig der Fall, wenn Stoff <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span> in einem <a href="L%C3%B6sungsmittel" title="Lösungsmittel">Lösungsmittel</a> gelöst und damit Komponente einer <a href="L%C3%B6sung_(Chemie)" title="Lösung (Chemie)">Lösung</a> ist. Dann kann <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{i}^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/32546169bc3b9067092e79b6135a01e94fabf7ce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.456ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> nicht mehr mit dem chemischen Potential des Reinstoffes gleichgesetzt werden. Stattdessen ist der Referenzzustand (°) dann dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Aktivitätskoeffizient <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma _{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma _{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/907e4a28946d45e5cbf3cf3c6c48de68296039c4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.004ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma _{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span> gegen eins und der Stoffmengenanteil <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e87000dd6142b81d041896a30fe58f0c3acb2158.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.129ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span> gegen null läuft.<sup id="cite_ref-:Denbigh1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Denbigh1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dieser Referenzzustand entspricht einer idealen, unendlich <a href="Verd%C3%BCnnung" title="Verdünnung">verdünnten</a> <a href="L%C3%B6sung_(Chemie)" title="Lösung (Chemie)">Lösung</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span>, deren Verhalten für alle Stoffmengenanteile <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e87000dd6142b81d041896a30fe58f0c3acb2158.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.129ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> dem <a href="Henry-Gesetz" title="Henry-Gesetz">Henry-Gesetz</a> folgt. In diesem Szenario kann <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{i}^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/32546169bc3b9067092e79b6135a01e94fabf7ce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.456ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> als mit dem Henry-Gesetz extrapoliertes chemisches Potential des reinen Stoffes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span> in einem hypothetischen flüssigen Zustand interpretiert werden.<sup id="cite_ref-:Denbigh2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Denbigh2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fundamentalgleichung_für_homogene_Mischphasen"><span id="Fundamentalgleichung_f.C3.BCr_homogene_Mischphasen"></span>Fundamentalgleichung für homogene Mischphasen</h2></div>
<p>Die chemischen Potentiale <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dea0a0293841cce9eef98b55e53a92b82ae59ee4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.201ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> der Komponenten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span> sind zentrale Größen zur Beschreibung des Verhaltens von Mischphasen.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die <a href="Fundamentalgleichung" title="Fundamentalgleichung">Fundamentalgleichung</a> der Thermodynamik gibt die Abhängigkeit der <a href="Innere_Energie" title="Innere Energie">Inneren Energie</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/458a728f53b9a0274f059cd695e067c430956025.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.783ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U}" loading="lazy"></span> eines thermodynamischen Systems von dessen <a href="Intensive_und_extensive_Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fen" title="Intensive und extensive Größen">extensiven</a> <a href="Zustandsgr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe" title="Zustandsgröße">Zustandsgrößen</a> an. Für homogene Mischphasen mit der Temperatur <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span>, dem Druck <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}" loading="lazy"></span> und dem <a href="Volumen" title="Volumen">Volumen</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span>, welche <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span> Komponenten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span> enthalten, nimmt die Fundamentalgleichung folgende Form an:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} U=T\cdot \mathrm {d} S-p\cdot \mathrm {d} V+\sum _{i=1}^{k}\mu _{i}\cdot \mathrm {d} n_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>S</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} U=T\cdot \mathrm {d} S-p\cdot \mathrm {d} V+\sum _{i=1}^{k}\mu _{i}\cdot \mathrm {d} n_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f18354dc6dfbce7d3130b06d845ab5fbd35f3cfa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:34.999ex; height:7.343ex;" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} U=T\cdot \mathrm {d} S-p\cdot \mathrm {d} V+\sum _{i=1}^{k}\mu _{i}\cdot \mathrm {d} n_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei sind <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72ba425d7d7a0f229457dea3c0be4a47ea303cc3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.792ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} S}" loading="lazy"></span> eine <a href="Infinitesimalzahl" title="Infinitesimalzahl">infinitesimale</a> Änderung der <a href="Entropie" title="Entropie">Entropie</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}" loading="lazy"></span> der Mischphase und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/57f87f905ba5a4d8c691ccaecd65fc47bd007ba4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.194ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Stoffmenge" title="Stoffmenge">Stoffmenge</a> der Komponente <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Ernst_Brunhuber,_Stephan_Hasse-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ernst_Brunhuber,_Stephan_Hasse_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernst Brunhuber, Stephan Hasse: <cite style="font-style:italic">Giesserei-Lexikon</cite>. Fachverlag Schiele &amp; Schoen, 2001, ISBN 3-7949-0655-1, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>868</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=hXzmxfd5xcYC&amp;pg=PA868#v=onepage">eingeschränkte Vorschau</a> in der Google-Buchsuche).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Mischphase&amp;rft.au=Ernst+Brunhuber%2C+Stephan+Hasse&amp;rft.btitle=Giesserei-Lexikon&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=3794906551&amp;rft.pages=868&amp;rft.pub=Fachverlag+Schiele+%26+Schoen" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/physik/mischphase/9812"><i>Mischphase.</i></a> In: <i>Lexikon der Physik.</i> Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, 1998,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 16.&nbsp;April 2023</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AMischphase&amp;rft.title=Mischphase&amp;rft.description=Mischphase&amp;rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spektrum.de%2Flexikon%2Fphysik%2Fmischphase%2F9812&amp;rft.publisher=Spektrum+Akademischer+Verlag%2C+Heidelberg&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.language=de">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-H._D._Baehr,_Stephan_Kabelac-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-H._D._Baehr,_Stephan_Kabelac_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Hans_Dieter_Baehr" title="Hans Dieter Baehr">Hans Dieter Baehr</a>, <a href="Stephan_Kabelac" title="Stephan Kabelac">Stephan Kabelac</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Thermodynamik</cite>. 2006, ISBN 3-540-32514-X, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>236<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>ff</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=IYLw6WgbFWcC&amp;pg=PA236#v=onepage">eingeschränkte Vorschau</a> in der Google-Buchsuche).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Mischphase&amp;rft.au=Hans+Dieter+Baehr%2C+Stephan+Kabelac&amp;rft.btitle=Thermodynamik&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=354032514X&amp;rft.pages=236ff" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Uwe_Hillebrand-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Uwe_Hillebrand_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Uwe Hillebrand: <cite style="font-style:italic">Stöchiometrie: eine Einführung in die Grundlagen mit Beispielen und ...</cite> Springer DE, 2009, ISBN 978-3-642-00460-5, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>87</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=7Y6Pi1JsHyUC&amp;pg=PA87#v=onepage">eingeschränkte Vorschau</a> in der Google-Buchsuche).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Mischphase&amp;rft.au=Uwe+Hillebrand&amp;rft.btitle=St%C3%B6chiometrie%3A+eine+Einf%C3%BChrung+in+die+Grundlagen+mit+Beispielen+und+...&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783642004605&amp;rft.pages=87&amp;rft.pub=Springer+DE" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Klaus_Lucas-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Klaus_Lucas_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Klaus Lucas: <cite style="font-style:italic">Thermodynamik</cite>. Springer DE, 2007, ISBN 978-3-540-29333-0, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>76<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>f</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=7bOgA05MxbwC&amp;pg=PA76#v=onepage">eingeschränkte Vorschau</a> in der Google-Buchsuche).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Mischphase&amp;rft.au=Klaus+Lucas&amp;rft.btitle=Thermodynamik&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783540293330&amp;rft.pages=76f&amp;rft.pub=Springer+DE" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Peter_R._Sahm,_Ivan_Egry,_Thomas_Volkmann-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Peter_R._Sahm,_Ivan_Egry,_Thomas_Volkmann_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter R. Sahm, Ivan Egry, Thomas Volkmann: <cite style="font-style:italic">Schmelze, Erstarrung, Grenzflächen: Eine Einführung in die Physik und ...</cite> Springer DE, 2001, ISBN 3-642-58523-X, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>83<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>ff</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=tEErg2bu10MC&amp;pg=PA83#v=onepage">eingeschränkte Vorschau</a> in der Google-Buchsuche).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Mischphase&amp;rft.au=Peter+R.+Sahm%2C+Ivan+Egry%2C+Thomas+Volkmann&amp;rft.btitle=Schmelze%2C+Erstarrung%2C+Grenzfl%C3%A4chen%3A+Eine+Einf%C3%BChrung+in+die+Physik+und+...&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=364258523X&amp;rft.pages=83ff&amp;rft.pub=Springer+DE" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Erhard_Hornbogen,_Gunther_Eggeler,_Ewald_Werner-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Erhard_Hornbogen,_Gunther_Eggeler,_Ewald_Werner_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Erhard Hornbogen, Gunther Eggeler, Ewald Werner: <cite style="font-style:italic">Werkstoffe: Aufbau und Eigenschaften von Keramik-, Metall-, Polymer- und Verbundwerkstoffen</cite>. Springer DE, 2012, ISBN 978-3-642-22561-1, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>108</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=9m4R344YTK0C&amp;pg=PA108#v=onepage">eingeschränkte Vorschau</a> in der Google-Buchsuche).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Mischphase&amp;rft.au=Erhard+Hornbogen%2C+Gunther+Eggeler%2C+Ewald+Werner&amp;rft.btitle=Werkstoffe%3A+Aufbau+und+Eigenschaften+von+Keramik-%2C+Metall-%2C+Polymer-+und+Verbundwerkstoffen&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783642225611&amp;rft.pages=108&amp;rft.pub=Springer+DE" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:Denbigh1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:Denbigh1_8-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:Denbigh1_8-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:Denbigh1_8-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">K. G. Denbigh: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Principles of Chemical Equilibrium: With Applications in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering</cite>. 4. Auflage. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1981, ISBN 978-0-521-23682-9, 9.1. Conventions for the activity coefficient on the mole fraction scale, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>270<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>ff</span>., <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139167604">10.1017/cbo9781139167604</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781139167604/type/book">cambridge.org</a> [abgerufen am 13.&nbsp;Juni 2021]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Mischphase&amp;rft.atitle=9.1.+Conventions+for+the+activity+coefficient+on+the+mole+fraction+scale&amp;rft.au=K.+G.+Denbigh&amp;rft.btitle=The+Principles+of+Chemical+Equilibrium%3A+With+Applications+in+Chemistry+and+Chemical+Engineering&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft.doi=10.1017%2Fcbo9781139167604&amp;rft.edition=4&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=9780521236829&amp;rft.pages=270+ff&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerd Wedler, Hans-Joachim Freund: <cite style="font-style:italic">Lehr- und Arbeitsbuch Physikalische Chemie</cite>. 7. Auflage. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2018, ISBN 978-3-527-34611-0, 2.3.6 Abhängigkeit des chemischen Potentials in Mischphasen vom Molenbruch, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>176<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>ff</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Mischphase&amp;rft.atitle=2.3.6+Abh%C3%A4ngigkeit+des+chemischen+Potentials+in+Mischphasen+vom+Molenbruch&amp;rft.au=Gerd+Wedler%2C+Hans-Joachim+Freund&amp;rft.btitle=Lehr-+und+Arbeitsbuch+Physikalische+Chemie&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft.edition=7&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=9783527346110&amp;rft.pages=176+ff&amp;rft.place=Weinheim&amp;rft.pub=Wiley-VCH" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Wedler2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Wedler2_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerd Wedler, Hans-Joachim Freund: <cite style="font-style:italic">Lehr- und Arbeitsbuch Physikalische Chemie</cite>. 7. Auflage. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2018, ISBN 978-3-527-34611-0, 2.6.2 Standardreaktion, Restreaktion und Gleichgewichtskonstante, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>224<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>f</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Mischphase&amp;rft.atitle=2.6.2+Standardreaktion%2C+Restreaktion+und+Gleichgewichtskonstante&amp;rft.au=Gerd+Wedler%2C+Hans-Joachim+Freund&amp;rft.btitle=Lehr-+und+Arbeitsbuch+Physikalische+Chemie&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft.edition=7&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=9783527346110&amp;rft.pages=224+f&amp;rft.place=Weinheim&amp;rft.pub=Wiley-VCH" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">E.R. Cohen, T. Cvitas, J.G Frey, B. Holmstrom, K. Kuchitsu, R. Marquardt, I. Mills, F. Pavese, M. Quack, J. Stohner, H. Strauss, M. Takami, and A.J. Thor: <cite style="font-style:italic">Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry</cite>. Hrsg.: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 3. Auflage. Green Book. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge 2012, ISBN 978-0-85404-433-7, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>61<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>f</span>., <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/9781847557889">10.1039/9781847557889</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iupac.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/IUPAC-GB3-2012-2ndPrinting-PDFsearchable.pdf">iupac.org</a> [PDF]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Mischphase&amp;rft.au=E.R.+Cohen%2C+T.+Cvitas%2C+J.G+Frey%2C+...&amp;rft.btitle=Quantities%2C+Units+and+Symbols+in+Physical+Chemistry&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.doi=10.1039%2F9781847557889&amp;rft.edition=3&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780854044337&amp;rft.pages=61f&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&amp;rft.volume=Green+Book" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerd Wedler, Hans-Joachim Freund: <cite style="font-style:italic">Lehr- und Arbeitsbuch Physikalische Chemie</cite>. 7. Auflage. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2018, ISBN 978-3-527-34611-0, 2.5.5 Aktivität und Aktivitätskoeffizient, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>198<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>ff</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Mischphase&amp;rft.atitle=2.5.5+Aktivit%C3%A4t+und+Aktivit%C3%A4tskoeffizient&amp;rft.au=Gerd+Wedler%2C+Hans-Joachim+Freund&amp;rft.btitle=Lehr-+und+Arbeitsbuch+Physikalische+Chemie&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft.edition=7&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=9783527346110&amp;rft.pages=198+ff&amp;rft.place=Weinheim&amp;rft.pub=Wiley-VCH" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:Denbigh2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:Denbigh2_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">K. G. Denbigh: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Principles of Chemical Equilibrium: With Applications in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering</cite>. 4. Auflage. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1981, ISBN 978-0-521-23682-9, 9.2 The activity coefficient in relation to Raoult's and Henry's laws, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>271<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>ff</span>., <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139167604">10.1017/cbo9781139167604</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781139167604/type/book">cambridge.org</a> [abgerufen am 13.&nbsp;Juni 2021]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Mischphase&amp;rft.atitle=9.2+The+activity+coefficient+in+relation+to+Raoult%27s+and+Henry%27s+laws&amp;rft.au=K.+G.+Denbigh&amp;rft.btitle=The+Principles+of+Chemical+Equilibrium%3A+With+Applications+in+Chemistry+and+Chemical+Engineering&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft.doi=10.1017%2Fcbo9781139167604&amp;rft.edition=4&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=9780521236829&amp;rft.pages=271+ff&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. B. Ewing, T. H. Lilley, G. M. Olofsson, M. T. Rätzsch, G. Somsen: <cite style="font-style:italic">Standard Quantities in Chemical Thermodynamics. Fugacities, Activities and Equilibrium Constants for Pure and Mixed Phases: (IUPAC Recommendations 1994)</cite>. In: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (Hrsg.): <cite style="font-style:italic">Pure and Applied Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>66</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>3</span>. De Gruyter, 1994, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>533–552</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/iupac.66.0023">10.1515/iupac.66.0023</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.degruyter.com/view/IUPAC/iupac.66.0023">degruyter.com</a> [abgerufen am 24.&nbsp;März 2023]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Mischphase&amp;rft.atitle=Standard+Quantities+in+Chemical+Thermodynamics.+Fugacities%2C+Activities+and+Equilibrium+Constants+for+Pure+and+Mixed+Phases%3A+%28IUPAC+Recommendations+1994%29&amp;rft.au=M.+B.+Ewing%2C+T.+H.+Lilley%2C+G.+M.+Olofsson%2C+...&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.doi=10.1515%2Fiupac.66.0023&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&amp;rft.pages=533-552&amp;rft.pub=De+Gruyter&amp;rft.volume=66" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andreas Heintz: <cite style="font-style:italic">Thermodynamik der Mischungen</cite>. Springer Spektrum, Berlin, Heidelberg 2017, ISBN 978-3-662-49923-8, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>2</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49924-5">10.1007/978-3-662-49924-5</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-662-49924-5">springer.com</a> [abgerufen am 6.&nbsp;März 2023]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Mischphase&amp;rft.au=Andreas+Heintz&amp;rft.btitle=Thermodynamik+der+Mischungen&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-662-49924-5&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783662499238&amp;rft.pages=2&amp;rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Spektrum" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
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